
UNIVERSITE D’ÉTÉ DU THD – OCTOBRE 2021
Ciril GROUP renouvelle sa participation à l’Université d’été du THD, qui aura cette année lieu à Saint-Étienne les 06...
Un réseau ferroviaire, tout comme un réseau routier, est un réseau guidé comptant tout un ensemble d’entrées et de sorties. Pour que les wagons ne se perdent pas, les aiguilleurs s’occupent de les guider sur les voies afin de les mener des points d’entrée aux points de sortie qui les concernent. Le réseau ferroviaire est donc commandé, maillé, et peut être représenté de multiples façons : géographique, schématique, linéaire ou en 3D. Et à chaque représentation ferroviaire répond un usage précis. Voici lesquels.
La représentation cartographique ou géographique d’un réseau ferroviaire est la représentation la plus fréquente et compréhensible pour le grand public. Elle révèle une analyse globale tout en permettant de repérer des informations plus ou moins détaillées pour chaque périmètre géographique.
D’une manière générale, la position géographique du train n’est pas indiquée. La représentation ferroviaire cartographique n’indique pas les mouvements. Cette représentation se prête davantage à des usages connexes (foncier, secours, travaux) qu’aux exigences opérationnelles des gestionnaires de réseaux et d’infrastructures.
On la retrouve partout, tant sur une carte routière que sur Google Maps. Sur la majorité des cartes, le réseau ferroviaire est représenté, car il peut représenter un véritable obstacle pour le passage des piétons ou des automobilistes.
Cette représentation va mettre en avant la topologie du réseau, c’est-à-dire déterminer quelles sont les liaisons et les itinéraires possibles ainsi que les points de décision (gares, équipements, etc.).
Zoom sur la topologie Le terme « topologie » est issu du grec topos, qui désigne le lieu, et logos, le savoir. En bref, il s’agit de l’étude des lieux, qui intervient dans l’analyse spatiale et traite des questions de proximité entre entités mathématiques. Un réseau étant formé de nœuds, de segments, de sommets et d’arcs, on a recours à la topologie en particulier pour les questions de cheminement et de propriétés des réseaux. Le standard RailTopoModel, généralisé par l’Union internationale des chemins de fer (UIC), définit la représentation topologique de l’infrastructure ferroviaire. |
Cette représentation est particulièrement pertinente pour les professionnels du secteur ferroviaire. Elle est suffisante pour tracer l’itinéraire d’un train partant de la gare A pour arriver en gare B. En cas de travaux, il est aussi possible de trouver le meilleur contournement possible.
La vision schématique est très adaptée pour la gestion opérationnelle. Son application dans le domaine de la maintenance est néanmoins limitée puisque, d’une part, tous les équipements n’y sont pas représentés et, d’autre part, la représentation ferroviaire schématique n’est pas à l’échelle : la position exacte des différents organes ne peut pas être simplement déduite du schéma.
Cette représentation schématique est mise à disposition dans les trains (réseaux ferrés, métros). C’est une vision macro du réseau qui permet à chaque usager de connaître les correspondances qu’il peut emprunter pour rejoindre sa destination.
Elle est également présente dans les postes d’aiguillage ou les centres de gestion opérationnelle de circulation. Cette représentation ferroviaire est affichée sur un tableau de contrôle optique représentant le réseau.
Cette représentation est utilisée pour les gestionnaires des réseaux routiers et de tout autre moyen de transport. Elle permet d’identifier l’intégralité d’une ligne, d’une voie, d’une route. Tous les équipements présents dessus sont repérables par la distance à l’origine, qui est le kilomètre 0.
La description linéaire est utile pour repérer tous les équipements sur le réseau ferroviaire et organiser méthodiquement son plan de maintenance, car pour atteindre ces équipements, les techniciens voyagent souvent sur le réseau. Ici, toutes les distances sont mesurées et mentionnées.
Cette représentation linéaire est accessible au grand public. Au-dessus des portes du wagon de métro, on retrouve un plan de la ligne. Ici, la vision du réseau est linéaire. Quand les correspondances sont visibles, la représentation ferroviaire est schématique.
De plus en plus, les gestionnaires de réseaux et d’infrastructure réalisent des relevés de leur réseau en 3D avec différentes technologies. L’une d’entre elles est le Lidar.
La technologie Lidar L’acronyme Lidar correspond à Light (ou Laser) imaging, detection and ranging, c’est-à-dire détection et estimation de la distance par la lumière. Cette technique de mesure de la distance repose ainsi sur l’analyse des propriétés d’un faisceau lumineux renvoyé vers son émetteur. La mesure du décalage de fréquence entre l’onde émise et l’onde réfléchie permet de calculer la vitesse de déplacement d’un objet, mais aussi de reconstruire en 3D des environnements enfouis ou visibles. |
Les représentations des réseaux ferroviaires sont multiples et répondent à différents cas d’usage. Pour satisfaire des besoins liés au foncier, à l’accessibilité aux voies ou aux déclarations de travaux, la représentation cartographique est préconisée. Là où les activités liées à la gestion opérationnelle et la maintenance des infrastructures nécessitent des représentations linéaires ou schématiques. Enfin, pour diagnostiquer l’état du réseau, la 3D est la représentation ferroviaire de choix. Leur point commun : toutes permettent la mise au point de standards, qui rendent possible l’innovation par les éditeurs de logiciels. Pour en savoir davantage sur ces standards ferroviaires, découvrez l’interview de Fabrice Simonin, directeur du pôle Rail GiSmartware !
Ciril GROUP renouvelle sa participation à l’Université d’été du THD, qui aura cette année lieu à Saint-Étienne les 06...
Ciril GROUP vient à la rencontre des porteurs de projets décisionnels pour la ville et les territoires en participant à la...
Business Geografic (Ciril GROUP) vous donne rendez-vous les 05 et 06 mai 2021 sur la plateforme en ligne du...
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